Carbon under pressure

Carbon is an element with extremely versatile bonding properties and theoretical calculations have suggested the possible existence of several hundred structural allotropes. Many, or even most, these are predicted to be formed under conditions high pressure temperature. On other hand, experimental studies identified surprisingly few In this paper, physical transformations observed in experiments, at above room temperature, reviewed for a large number solid carbon The materials discussed include bulk such as graphite, diamond, glass-like amorphous carbon, two-dimensional graphene, molecular form one-dimensional nanotubes zero-dimensional fullerenes. Results from recent on twisted graphdiyne, graphyne, dots interesting all-carbon allotropes also briefly described. Observed similarities differences between behavior evolution discussed. spite enormous volume work carried out materials, new been most studied convert into diamond sufficiently temperature pressure. Further thus seems needed elucidate transformation processes transition paths many undiscovered proposed calculations. particular, it recommended that, every allotrope by theory, suitable precursors should investigated. Efficient creation functional based pure methods ideally start designed, preassembled precursor structures composites which can theoretically predicted.